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Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions

by Wu, Jiaqian , Parpura, Vladimir , Iino, Masamitsu , Kettenmann, Helmut , Rouach, Nathalie , Swanson, Raymond A. , Escartin, Carole , Perea, Gertrudis , Araque, Alfonso , Hol, Elly M. , Verkhratsky, Alexei , Khakh, Baljit S. , Oliet, Stéphane H. R. , Rose, Christine R. , Rowitch, David H. , Vitorica, Javier , Sofroniew, Michael V. , Allen, Nicola J. , Cunningham, Colm , Petzold, Gabor C. , Zorec, Robert , Zimmer, Eduardo R. , Freeman, Marc , Bonvento, Gilles , Poskanzer, Kira E. , Butt, Arthur M. , Farina, Cinthia , Wanner, Ina-Beate , Barbeito, Luis , Wood, Levi B. , Mishra, Anusha , Zheng, Binhai , Sirko, Swetlana , Panatier, Aude , Cohen-Salmon, Martine , Robel, Stefanie , Chen, Wei-Ting , Pellerin, Luc , De Strooper, Bart , Norris, Christopher M. , Götz, Magdalena , Carmignoto, Giorgio , Heiland, Dieter H. , O’Callaghan, James P. , Serrano-Pozo, Alberto , Galea, Elena , Goldman, Steven A. , Kastanenka, Ksenia V. , Gallo, Vittorio , Gutiérrez, Antonia , Magistretti, Pierre , Koizumi, Schuichi , MacVicar, Brian A. , Lakatos, András , Deneen, Benjamin , Bergles, Dwight E. , Okada, Seiji , Pfrieger, Frank W. , Messing, Albee , Pekny, Milos , Steinhäuser, Christia

in 631/378/1687 / 631/378/1689 / 631/378/2596/1308 / 631/378/340 / 631/378/87 / Aging / Aging - pathology / Animal Genetics and Genomics / Animals / Astrocytes / Astrocytes - pathology / Behavioral Sciences / Biological Techniques / Biomarkers / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biomedicine / Brain - pathology / Brain Diseases - pathology / Brain Injuries - pathology / Consensus Statement / Disease / Health aspects / Humans / Identification and classification / In vivo methods and tests / Life Sciences / Morphology / Multivariate analysis / Neurobiology / Neurologi / Neurology / Neurons and Cognition / Neuroprotection / Neurosciences / Neurosciences & Neurology / Neurotoxicity / Nomenclature / Pathology / Physiology / Practice guidelines (Medicine) / Spinal Cord - pathology / Spinal Cord Injuries - pathology / Statistical analysis / Structure

2021

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2021

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Journal Article

Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions

Wu, Jiaqian,

Parpura, Vladimir,

Iino, Masamitsu,

Kettenmann, Helmut,

Rouach, Nathalie,

Swanson, Raymond A.,

Escartin, Carole,

Perea, Gertrudis,

Araque, Alfonso,

Hol, Elly M.,

Verkhratsky, Alexei,

Khakh, Baljit S.,

Oliet, Stéphane H. R.,

Rose, Christine R.,

Rowitch, David H.,

Vitorica, Javier,

Sofroniew, Michael V.,

Allen, Nicola J.,

Cunningham, Colm,

Petzold, Gabor C.,

Zorec, Robert,

Zimmer, Eduardo R.,

Freeman, Marc,

Bonvento, Gilles,

Poskanzer, Kira E.,

Butt, Arthur M.,

Farina, Cinthia,

Wanner, Ina-Beate,

Barbeito, Luis,

Wood, Levi B.,

Mishra, Anusha,

Zheng, Binhai,

Sirko, Swetlana,

Panatier, Aude,

Cohen-Salmon, Martine,

Robel, Stefanie,

Chen, Wei-Ting,

Pellerin, Luc,

De Strooper, Bart,

Norris, Christopher M.,

Götz, Magdalena,

Carmignoto, Giorgio,

Heiland, Dieter H.,

O’Callaghan, James P.,

Serrano-Pozo, Alberto,

Galea, Elena,

Goldman, Steven A.,

Kastanenka, Ksenia V.,

Gallo, Vittorio,

Gutiérrez, Antonia,

Magistretti, Pierre,

Koizumi, Schuichi,

MacVicar, Brian A.,

Lakatos, András,

Deneen, Benjamin,

Bergles, Dwight E.,

Okada, Seiji,

Pfrieger, Frank W.,

Messing, Albee,

Pekny, Milos,

Steinhäuser, Christia

2021

Overview

Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters—preferably in vivo—plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions. Good–bad binary classifications fail to describe reactive astrocytes in CNS disorders. Here, 81 researchers reach consensus on widespread misconceptions and provide definitions and recommendations for future research on reactive astrocytes.

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Publisher

Nature Publishing Group US,Nature Publishing Group

Subject

/ Aging