Journal Article

Posttraumatic stress disorder and associated factors in the aftermath of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sah, Asutosh, Khanal, Anil, Paudel, Prayash

2025

Overview

We aimed to estimate the pooled incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal based on available literature and highlight the psychological effects of natural disasters that can hamper the recovery process in the aftermath of disaster. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42024576444 . Electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for observational studies in English that assessed posttraumatic stress disorder at least 1 month after the earthquake via a validated tool from April 2015 to August 2024. In addition, references to the included studies were thoroughly searched. High-quality articles were included after the risk of bias assessment. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled incidence with a 95% confidence interval along with subgroup analysis. An analysis of 25 studies revealed a pooled incidence of 22.6%, ranging from 17.6 to 27.5%. A high degree of heterogeneity (I 2 = 97.56%, p<0.001) was observed in the results, with the incidence ranging from 3% to 51%. The subgroup analyses revealed that the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder after an earthquake varied significantly across studies in terms of the time of assessment, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity, educational level, disease history, bereavement, injury to the body, witnessing death, social support, loss of property and damage to one’s house. However, stratified analyses could not fully explain the heterogeneity in the results. Our analysis revealed a high incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Addressing the psychological well-being of these survivors is essential. Psychosocial counseling becomes pivotal in assisting them in coping with the trauma they have experienced since the earthquake.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: 2015 AD / Care and treatment / China / Diagnosis / Disaster victims / Earthquake damage / Earthquakes / Emergency preparedness / Environmental aspects / Female / Health aspects / Health counseling / Heterogeneity / Humans / Incidence / Injury analysis / Male / Medical research / Medicine and Health Sciences / Medicine, Experimental / Mental disorders / Meta-analysis / Methods / Natural disasters / Nepal / Nepal - epidemiology / Observational studies / Patient outcomes / People and Places / Physical Sciences / Post traumatic stress disorder / Psychological aspects / Psychological effects / Psychological factors / Psychological stress / Research and Analysis Methods / Risk Factors / Seismic activity / Social interactions / Social networks / Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - epidemiology / Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - etiology / Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology / Subgroups / Survival / Survivors - psychology