Journal Article

Preconception diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes in over 6.4 million women: A population-based cohort study in China

Peng, Zuoqi, Zhang, Hongguang, Xu, Qin, Yan, Donghai, Yang, Ying, Shen, Haiping, Wang, Long, Li, Qian, Wang, Yuanyuan, Yang, Huixia, Anderson, Craig, Zhang, Ya, Zhang, Yiping, Liu, Xinyue, Wang, Qiaomei, Ma, Xu, He, Yuan, Chen, Huan, Song, Geng, Wei, Yumei

2019

Overview

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, and optimization of glycemic control during pregnancy can help mitigate risks associated with diabetes. However, studies seldom focus precisely on maternal blood glucose level prior to pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the associations between preconception blood fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study among 6,447,339 women aged 20-49 years old who participated in National Free Pre-Pregnancy Checkups Project and completed pregnancy outcomes follow-up between 2010 and 2016 in China. During the preconception health examination, serum FPG concentration was measured, and self-reported history of DM was collected. Women were classified into three groups (normal FPG group: FPG < 5.6 mmol/L and no self-reported history of DM; impaired fasting glucose [IFG]: FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L and no self-reported history of DM; and DM: FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or self-reported history of DM). The primary outcomes were adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, preterm birth (PTB), macrosomia, small for gestational age infant (SGA), birth defect, and perinatal infant death. Logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for confounding variables. The mean age of women was 25.24 years, 91.47% were of Han nationality, and 92.85% were from rural areas. The incidence of DM and IFG was 1.18% (76,297) and 13.15% (847,737), respectively. Only 917 (1.20%) women reported a history of DM (awareness of their DM status), of whom 37.28% (337) had an elevated preconception FPG level (≥ 5.6 mmol/L), regarded as noncontrolled DM. A total of 1,005,568 (15.60%) women had adverse pregnancy outcomes. Compared with women with normal FPG, women with IFG had higher risks of spontaneous abortion (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.06-1.09; P < 0.001), PTB (1.02; 1.01-1.03; P < 0.001), macrosomia (1.07; 1.06-1.08; P < 0.001), SGA (1.06; 1.02-1.10; P = 0.007), and perinatal infant death (1.08; 1.03-1.12; P < 0.001); the corresponding ORs for women with DM were 1.11 (95% CI 1.07-1.15; P < 0.001), 1.17 (1.14-1.20; P < 0.001), 1.13 (1.09-1.16; P < 0.001), 1.17 (1.04-1.32; P = 0.008), and 1.59 (1.44-1.76; P < 0.001). Women with DM also had a higher risk of birth defect (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.15-1.91; P = 0.002). Among women without self-reported history of DM, there was a positive linear association between FPG levels and spontaneous abortion, PTB, macrosomia, SGA, and perinatal infant death (P for trend <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, 0.001, <0.001). Information about hypoglycemic medication before or during pregnancy was not collected, and we cannot adjust it in the analysis, which could result in underestimation of risks. Data on 2-hour plasma glucose level and HbA1c concentration were not available, and the glycemic control status was evaluated according to FPG value in women with DM. Women with preconception IFG or DM had higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, PTB, macrosomia, SGA, and perinatal infant death. Preconception glycemic control through appropriate methods is one of the most important aspects of preconception care and should not be ignored by policy makers.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Abortion / Adult / Analysis / Biology and Life Sciences / Birth defects / Blood / Blood Glucose / Childrens health / China - epidemiology / Cohort analysis / Cohort Studies / Congenital defects / Death / Diabetes / Diabetes mellitus / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - complications / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - epidemiology / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications / Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology / Family planning / Fasting / Female / Follow-Up Studies / Gestational age / Glucose / Glycosylated hemoglobin / Health Policy / Health risks / History / Hospitals / Humans / Hyperglycemia / Hyperglycemia - complications / Hypoglycemia - complications / Hypoglycemic agents / Infant mortality / Infants / Mass Screening / Maternal & child health / Maternal Age / Medical examination / Medical schools / Medicine and Health Sciences / Middle Aged / Miscarriage / Neonates / Newborn infants / Optimization / People and Places / Population / Population studies / Population-based studies / Preconception Care / Pregnancy / Pregnancy Complications - diagnosis / Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology / Pregnancy in Diabetics - epidemiology / Pregnancy in Diabetics - therapy / Pregnancy Outcome / Pregnant women / Premature birth / Premature Birth - epidemiology / Retrospective Studies / Rural areas / Small for gestational age / Social Sciences / Software / Statistics / Supervision / Systematic review / Type 2 diabetes / Women / Womens health / Young Adult