Journal Article

Sex disparities in dietary intake across the lifespan: the case of Lebanon

Ayoub, Jennifer, Sibai, Abla-Mehio, Nasreddine, Lara, Chamieh, Marie Claire, Hwalla, Nahla, Naja, Farah

2020

Overview

Background Little is known about sex-based dietary differences in middle-income countries, particularly those undergoing the nutrition transition. This study aims at examining sex disparities in energy and macronutrients’ intakes, food consumption patterns, and micronutrients’ adequacy in Lebanon, while adopting a life course approach. Methods Data were derived from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in Lebanon in 2008/2009. The study sample consisted of 3636 subjects: 956 children and adolescents aged 6–19.9 years; 2239 adults aged 20–59.9 years and 441 older adults aged above 60 years. At the households, trained nutritionists conducted face-to-face interviews with participants to complete a sociodemographic questionnaire and one 24-h diet recall. Food items were categorized into 25 food groups. The Nutritionist Pro software was used for the analysis of dietary intake data and the estimation of energy, macronutrients’, and micronutrients’ intakes. Results In all age groups, males had significantly higher energy intakes, while females had significantly higher fiber intakes. In addition, in adolescents aged 12–19.9 years, females had higher fat intakes as compared to males (37.02 ± 0.6% vs 35.03 ± 0.61%), and in adults aged 20–59.9 years, females had significantly higher total fat (37.73 ± 0.33% vs 36.45 ± 0.38%) and saturated fat intakes (11.24 ± 0.15% vs 10.45 ± 0.18%). These differences in macronutrient intakes were not observed in younger children nor in older adults. Sex-based differences in food groups’ intakes were also observed: men and boys had significantly higher intakes of red and processed meat, bread, fast food, soft drinks, and alcohol, while girls and women had higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, milk, and sweets. In all age groups, females had lower micronutrient intakes compared to males, including calcium, iron, and zinc. Conclusions This study identified sex-specific priorities that ought to be tackled by context-specific interventions to promote healthier diets in Lebanon. The fact that sex-based differences in nutrient intakes and food consumption patterns were the most noticeable in the adolescent and adult years, hence women’s reproductive years call for concerted efforts to improve nutrition for women and girls as this would lay the foundation not only for their future education, productivity, and economic empowerment, but also for the health of future generations.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Adolescent / Adolescents / Adult / Age Factors / alcohols / Analysis / Beverages / boys / breads / Calcium / Child / Children / Clinical Nutrition / computer software / Consumption patterns / Cross-Sectional Studies / Diet / Diet - methods / Diet - statistics & numerical data / diet recall / Diet Records / Dietary intake / Dietary intakes / dietary minerals / eating habits / elderly / Empowerment / Energy Intake / Fast food / fast foods / fat intake / Female / Females / Food / Food consumption / Food consumption patterns / Food groups / food intake / fruits / Fruits (Food) / girls / Health promotion / Health Promotion and Disease Prevention / Households / Humans / interviews / iron / Lebanon / Life span / Longevity / Macronutrients / Male / Males / Meat / Medicine / Medicine & Public Health / men / Micronutrients / Micronutrients - administration & dosage / Middle Aged / milk / Nutrition Surveys - methods / Nutrition Surveys - statistics & numerical data / Nutritional Status / nutritionists / Obesity / Older people / processed meat / questionnaires / saturated fats / Sex / Sex and gender differences in dietary intake and other dietary behaviors across the life course / Sex Factors / Sex-based differences / Socioeconomic factors / soft drinks / Surveys / sweets / Teenagers / vegetables / women / Young Adult / zinc