Journal Article

Clonal Hematopoiesis and Gut Microbiota-Derived TMAO as Candidate Amplifiers of Cardiovascular Inflammation: The CHIDT Hypothesis

Giordano, Luca, Vanoli, Emilio, Ferrara, Fulvio, Caradonna, Eugenio, Iannuzzo, Fortuna, Costantino, Lucy, Novellino, Ettore, Setacci, Carlo, Testa, Nicola, Faversani, Alice

2026

Overview

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and the gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are both linked to NLRP3-mediated cardiovascular inflammation, but their interaction has not previously been explored. This work proposes the CHIDT axis (clonal hematopoiesis-dysbiosis-TMAO), a feed-forward mechanism in which TET2 loss-of-function CHIP- and TMAO-generating Gram-negative gut dysbiosis mutually enhance cardiovascular risk. The model proceeds in three nodes. CHIP-associated intestinal immune dysregulation promotes luminal expansion of Gammaproteobacteria, which produce both trimethylamine via CntA/CntB-mediated L-carnitine oxidation and ADP-heptose as an obligate LPS biosynthetic intermediate. TMAO amplifies NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the SIRT3 → SOD2 → mtROS pathway. The evidence base of the CHIDT model is strongest for TET2-CHIP; the proposed extension to DNMT3A-CHIP rests on indirect, associative data and requires dedicated experimental confirmation before it can be considered established. TXNIP cascade, with predicted disproportionate potency in macrophages epigenetically primed by TET2 haploinsufficiency. High concentrations of TMAO have also been shown to suppress TET2 expression in endothelial cells through CYTB promoter hypermethylation, inducing NLRP3-GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, although it remains unclear whether physiological TMAO levels can trigger this effect. Concurrently, ADP-heptose activates the ALPK1-TIFA-NF-κB pathway in bone marrow progenitors, favoring the expansion of mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The model identifies three potential therapeutic strategies: NLRP3 inhibition, microbial TMA lyase inhibition, and microbiome-targeted reduction in Gram-negative bacteria. None has been tested in CHIP carriers stratified by plasma TMAO. Further studies in preclinical models and human cohorts integrating CHIP genotyping and TMAO quantification are needed to validate the CHIDT axis as a target for precision cardiovascular prevention.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
• Subject: Amplifiers (Electronics) / Analysis / Atherosclerosis / Biosynthesis / Body fat / Cardiovascular disease / Cardiovascular diseases / Carnitine / clonal hematopoiesis / Cloning / Digestive system / DNA methylation / DNMT3A / Dysbacteriosis / Ecology / Endothelial cells / Gastrointestinal tract / Genotype & phenotype / Gram-negative bacteria / gut dysbiosis / Gut microbiota / Haploinsufficiency / Hematology / Hematopoietic stem cells / Hemopoiesis / Heptose / Hypertension / Hypotheses / Inflammasomes / Inflammation / Intestinal microflora / Levocarnitine / Macrophages / Metabolites / Methyltransferases / Microbiomes / Microbiota / Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) / Monosaccharides / Mortality / Mutation / NF-κB protein / NLRP3 inflammasome / Osteoprogenitor cells / Physiological aspects / Progenitor cells / Proteins / Pyroptosis / Review / Risk factors / Sugars / TET2 / Trimethylamine / trimethylamine N-oxide