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Journal Article
Lost in Translation
2018
Overview
According to Margaret Lombe and Alex Ochumbo, close to 90 percent of assistance to orphans in Sub-Saharan countries has been provided by traditional family networks.5 Similarly, Madhavan notes that \"despite high rates of maternal mortality in Africa, due to the strong extended family system, orphans usually have been willingly and relatively easily adopted by other family members. \"28 Unethical practices linked to the establishment and operation of orphanages, recruitment of children into those homes, and the process of adoption and associated financial gain were found to be closely linked.29 Many factors of vulnerability associated with poverty and HIV in Uganda have contributed to family breakdown and an ensuing increase in the number of children being separated from family and/or placed into residential care.30 However, the majority of children living apart from their biological parents are living with relatives (at least three million, according to 2011 data.)31 At the same time, since the early 2000s, there has been an increase in the number of orphanages, with a significant boom in the years 2003-2012.32 Before 1990, there were less than 30 orphanages, and by 2003, that number had increased to 88, with a concentration in the northern conflict areas-perhaps a result of civil war.33 A 1998 survey found over 2,900 children living in orphanages, with poverty being the main reason for placement, and at least 95 percent of these children had living parents or relatives.34 While it is difficult to pinpoint trends occurring in exact years, the MGLSD (Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development) investigated and found an explosion in orphanages by 2012, with an estimated 600 mostly unregistered and concentrated in central regions. According to a 2017 article, the increase of ICA by 400 percent in Uganda between 2010 and 2011 was also related to the drastic reduction in available children for ICA from Ethiopia and Russia.37 Furthermore, concerns have been raised that the number of registered adoptions does not account for the number of children leaving the country. According to a Voice of America article, \"in 2012, 680 children left the country, while only 227 are accounted for in the adoption process.
