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On Intellectuals and Intellectual Traditions in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russia
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On Intellectuals and Intellectual Traditions in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russia
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Journal Article
On Intellectuals and Intellectual Traditions in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russia
1972
Overview
Tentative reconsiderations of certain features & the pattern of coordinates into which intellectuals & intellectual traditions are usually set within the Russian context are presented. One of these features is the existence in Russian history from the late 1860's on of the term `intelligentsia.' This conveyed at one & the same time a sociol'al concept, a psychol'al characterization, & a moral code. The following are seen to characterize the Russian intelligentsia: (1) a deep concern for problems & issues of public interest-soc, econ, cultural, & pol'al; (2) a sense of guilt & personal responsibility for the state & the solution of these problems & issues; (3) a propensity to view pol'al & soc questions as moral ones; (4) a sense of obligation to seek ultimate logical conclusions-in thought as well as in life-at whatever cost; (5) the conviction that things are not as they should be, & that something should be done. In this context, the life & role of intellectuals in Russia in an age of 'revolutionary' reforms (under the reign of Peter the Great) & in times of stabilization & 'enlightened despotism' (mid18th cent) are considered. The idea of a free & autonomous intellectual activity did not arise in Russia until the early 19th cent; this is seen as the '1st generation' of the Russian intelligentsia. Nihilism was a central phenomenon for the '2nd generation'-the intellectuals of the 1860's. Predominant issues & att's are described. From the 1890's on a new type of intellectual began to emerge with a gradual formation of new intellectual roles & sporadic attempts at their legitimation, with some new patterns of participation in soc & pol'al movements. Within 3 decades the intellectual stratum became more clearly structured; its roles & functions were diff'iated, & its place in society was no longer questioned. 'This marked the end of the intelligentsia.' The heirs of the intelligentsia of the 1860's were intellectuals & professional revolutionaries. Oct 1917 was a victory for neither the intelligentsia nor the intellectuals. Intellectuals, like the anarchists themselves, were among the most defeated victims. M. Maxfield.
Publisher
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
