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Journal Article
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION. THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN ROMA MUSIC IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
2019
Overview
On the Hungarian territory, the Roma stood out as ironsmiths and musicians and received special benefits. [...]the Roma musicians are mentioned in 1489 in the city of Buda through a payment to the Roma who played the lute in front of Beatrice de Aragon, the wife of Matei Corvin, on the island of Csepel, south of Budapest17; in May 1525, 2 florins were paid to the pharaohs (Roma) who played the zither for the king at the royal race; in 1543, after Ferdinand of Habsburg took over a part of Hungary, the Roma are mentioned in a letter from Queen Isabella to the Court of Vienna, in which the excellent quality of the Egyptian musicians is mentioned, being believed as they were descendants of the pharaohs18. The empress' son, Joseph II continues the policy started by his mother, publishing, on September 12th 1782, an order regarding the Roma in Transylvania, De Reagulatione Zingarorum, which, among its stated provisions, stipulates the practice of music by the Roma only when there is no work available, followed by the Hauptregulatio ordinance on October 9th 1783, which stipulates: the prohibition of living in tents, the distribution of children of 4 years and older in neighbouring houses, the prohibition of nomadism, the prohibition of horse ownership with the purpose of selling them, the punishment with 24 club blows for eating carrion, the prohibition of marriages between the Roma, banning of beggary, forcing children to attend schools, the Roma would receive land to handle agriculture, those abandoning their homes will be brought back, the Roma houses will be numbered and they will have to adopt the clothing and language of the villages in which they settle19. The measures proposed during the reign were mainly destined to affect the travelers, and less those sedentary, nonetheless, the results were rather weak, considering their severity and harshness. [...]the sedentary Roma benefitted from tax privileges. [...]in 1844 the Moldavian ruler Mihai Sturdza frees the Roma enslaved by barons and monasteries, a gesture is very well received and appreciated by the educated young people, as well as by the western European states.
