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Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds
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Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds
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Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds
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Journal Article
Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds
2020
Overview
Our understanding of the earliest stages of crown bird evolution is hindered by an exceedingly sparse avian fossil record from the Mesozoic era. The most ancient phylogenetic divergences among crown birds are known to have occurred in the Cretaceous period
1
–
3
, but stem-lineage representatives of the deepest subclades of crown birds—Palaeognathae (ostriches and kin), Galloanserae (landfowl and waterfowl) and Neoaves (all other extant birds)—are unknown from the Mesozoic era. As a result, key questions related to the ecology
4
,
5
, biogeography
3
,
6
,
7
and divergence times
1
,
8
–
10
of ancestral crown birds remain unanswered. Here we report a new Mesozoic fossil that occupies a position close to the last common ancestor of Galloanserae and fills a key phylogenetic gap in the early evolutionary history of crown birds
10
,
11
.
Asteriornis maastrichtensis
, gen. et sp. nov., from the Maastrichtian age of Belgium (66.8–66.7 million years ago), is represented by a nearly complete, three-dimensionally preserved skull and associated postcranial elements. The fossil represents one of the only well-supported crown birds from the Mesozoic era
12
, and is the first Mesozoic crown bird with well-represented cranial remains.
Asteriornis maastrichtensis
exhibits a previously undocumented combination of galliform (landfowl)-like and anseriform (waterfowl)-like features, and its presence alongside a previously reported
Ichthyornis
-like taxon from the same locality
13
provides direct evidence of the co-occurrence of crown birds and avialan stem birds. Its occurrence in the Northern Hemisphere challenges biogeographical hypotheses of a Gondwanan origin of crown birds
3
, and its relatively small size and possible littoral ecology may corroborate proposed ecological filters
4
,
5
,
9
that influenced the persistence of crown birds through the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
A newly discovered fossil from the Cretaceous of Belgium is the oldest modern bird ever found, showing a unique combination of features and suggesting attributes shared by avian survivors of the end-Cretaceous extinction.
