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Urban data and definitions in sub-Saharan Africa
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Journal Article
Urban data and definitions in sub-Saharan Africa
2018
Overview
Differing definitions of ‘urban’ settlements can make comparative analysis of trends in urbanisation difficult. Definitions used by many African countries include small settlements which may not exhibit the degree of labour specialisation away from agriculture that economic theories about urbanisation presume. This may mean there is a mismatch if urban data are presumed by decisionmakers to be proxies for structural economic transformation. After examining these definitional issues this paper provides five illustrative African case studies based on detailed analysis of census and agricultural employment data. It finds that for Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Mali in situ urbanisation of settlements at the bottom of the urban hierarchy has played a significant part in recent urbanisation processes. In Rwanda complex boundary changes have also contributed to a very significant redefinition of previously rural people as ‘urban’ yet overall the urbanisation level did not increase between 2002 and 2012. Significant employment in agriculture is found within small, and some larger, urban centres in all these countries. It is shown that these issues tend to be disregarded in analyses of urban trends for these countries which often present a more positive narrative of urban economic change than the census data support. These examples are contrasted with Botswana, where in situ urbanisation has also occurred but in this case driven by real occupational change. The paper concludes that the impact of definitions on apparent trends in urbanisation in Africa needs to be understood given the significance attached to these trends by policy makers.
对“城市”居住地的不同定义会使得城市化趋势的比较分析难以开展。许多非洲国家使用的定义 包括了小型居住地，这些小型居住地可能并未展现出城市化经济理论预设的不同于农业的劳动 专业化程度。这意味着如果决策者将这些城市数据作为经济结构转型的指标，就会出现与现实 不符的情况。在考察了这些定义问题后，本文基于详细的人口普査和农业用工数据，提供了五 个能说明问题的非洲案例研宄。研宄发现，在科特迪瓦、加纳和马里，城市等级体系底部居住 区的就地城市化在近年来的城市化进程中发挥了重要作用。在卢旺达，复杂的边界变更也使得 先前大量的农村人口被重新定义为‘城市”人口，但总体而言，在2002-2012年间，城市化水平并未提升。 在所有这些国家的小型城市中心以及部分大型城市中心，都存在大量的农业用工人口。以往研 宄在分析这些国家的城市发展趋势时，往往忽视这些问题，其对城市经济变革的呈现，比普査 数据所支持的更为积极。我们也将这些例子与博茨瓦纳做了对比。博茨瓦纳也发生就地城市化， 但其驱动因素是真实的职业变化。本文得出结论，鉴于决策者对肖NW城市化趋势赋予的重要性， 我们需要理解对非洲城市化外在趋势的不同界定方式所带来的影响。
