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Relationships between fecal indicator abundance in water and sand and the presence of pathogenic genes in sand of recreational beaches
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Relationships between fecal indicator abundance in water and sand and the presence of pathogenic genes in sand of recreational beaches
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Journal Article
Relationships between fecal indicator abundance in water and sand and the presence of pathogenic genes in sand of recreational beaches
2024
Overview
For decades, the risk of exposure to infectious diseases in recreational beaches has been evaluated through the quantification of fecal indicator bacteria in water samples using culture methods. The analyses of sand samples have recently been developed as a complement to the monitoring of recreational waters in beach quality assessments. The growing use of molecular techniques for environmental monitoring allows for the rapid detection of pathogenic genes, thus providing more accurate information regarding the health risk of exposure to contaminated sand. The aim of this work was to determine the relationship between the fecal indicators abundance in water and sand and the presence of Shiga toxin-producer
Escherichia coli
(STEC) in sand by analyzing samples from touristic beaches using culture-dependent (fecal coliforms assay) and culture-independent (real-time PCR of
stx1
,
stx2
, and
eae
genes) techniques. We found a high concentration of coliform bacteria in water and sand in several beaches in eastern Uruguay, with different levels of sanitation networks and levels of urbanization. The presence of STEC virulence genes (mainly
stx1
) was confirmed in 8 out of 20 sand samples. The recreational use of sandy beaches may imply a risk to the health of its users, especially near streams and creek outflows, thus highlighting the need of monitoring sand bacteriological quality and pathogens using molecular tools.
Publisher
Springer International Publishing,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
/ Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
/ Bacteria
/ Beaches
/ E coli
/ Earth and Environmental Science
/ Ecology
/ Environmental Monitoring - methods
/ Feces
/ Genes
/ Monitoring/Environmental Analysis
/ PCR
/ quantitative polymerase chain reaction
/ risk
/ Sand
/ Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli - genetics
/ streams
/ Toxins
/ Uruguay
