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Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
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Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
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Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams

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Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
Journal Article

Litter movement pathways across terrestrial–aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams

2019
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Overview
Streams and their riparian zones are connected by spatial flows of organic matter and constitute a model example of a meta‐ecosystem. Fluxes of leaf litter from the riparian zone to the stream are a major energy source in stream food webs. Leaf litter can enter the stream vertically, falling from the tree and into the stream, or laterally, washing into the stream after a period of exposure in the terrestrial ecosystem. The latter can contribute up to 23% to the total amount of litterfall entering streams. To determine if decomposition, microbial and invertebrate colonization of lateral litter inputs are similar to those of vertical inputs, we assessed leaf decomposition of alder, poplar and a 1:1 mixture of the two species in three scenarios across a gradient of terrestrial:aquatic exposures. Overall, decomposition was explained by a negative exponential model and decreased with the increase in the period of terrestrial exposure in all cases. Invertebrate colonization tended to decrease with the increase in the period of terrestrial exposure, but total invertebrate richness and biomass were more affected by litter type than by the exposure scenario, attaining higher values in the mixture than in the species alone. As the length of exposure in the terrestrial ecosystem increased, in‐stream decomposition rates of leaf litter decreased. Comparing leaf species treatments, alder decomposition rates were faster than poplar and the alder–poplar mixture. The richness of the aquatic hyphomycete community colonizing leaf litter after submergence decreased, and sporulation rates were strongly inhibited with an increasing terrestrial exposure period. While fungi colonizing leaf litter exposed only in the stream invested in rapid reproduction, fungi colonizing litter with prior terrestrial exposure built up more biomass. We conclude that the path taken by the litter fluxes has important effects on the functioning of the receiving ecosystem. Studies relying only on the fate of freshly abscissed leaf litter (vertical inputs) may not present a complete picture of the decomposition process in streams and may have been overestimating the overall richness and reproductive activity of the aquatic hyphomycetes colonizing leaf litter. Resumo Os ribeiros e as suas áreas ripícolas estão ligados por fluxos espaciais de matéria orgânica e constituem um dos melhores exemplos de meta‐ecossistemas. Os fluxos de folhada provenientes da zona ripícola são a principal fonte de energia dos ribeiros de baixa ordem. Nas regiões temperadas, as entradas laterais, constituídas por detritos que chegam à água depois de um período de exposição no ecossistema terrestre, podem constituir até 23% da quantidade total da matéria orgânica de origem alóctone. Para determinar se a decomposição, a colonização microbiana e a colonização por invertebrados dos detritos que entram lateralmente são semelhantes aos das entradas verticais, estudámos a decomposição de folhas de amieiro, choupo e uma mistura 1:1 das duas espécies em três cenários num gradiente de exposição terrestre‐aquática. A decomposição global foi explicada por um modelo exponencial negativo e diminuiu com o aumento do período de exposição terrestre em todos os casos. A colonização por invertebrados diminuiu tendencialmente com o aumento do período de exposição terrestre, mas tanto a riqueza como a biomassa foram mais afetadas pelo tipo de detritos que pela exposição, atingindo valores mais elevados na mistura que nas espécies isoladas O efeito da exposição terrestre nas taxas de decomposição aquáticas dependeu da espécie, com o amieiro decompondo‐se mais rapidamente e o choupo e a mistura decompondo‐se mais lentamente com o aumento do período de exposição terrestre. A riqueza dos hifomicetes aquáticos que colonizaram as folhas após a submersão diminuiu e as taxas de esporulação foram fortemente reduzidas pela exposição terrestre. Enquanto os fungos que colonizaram as folhas expostas apenas na água investiram em rápida reprodução, os fungos que colonizaram as folhas com exposição terrestre prévia acumularam mais biomassa. Concluímos que a via tomada pelos fluxos de detritos tem efeitos importantes no ecossistema recetor. Os estudos efetuados apenas com folhas senescentes (entradas verticais) podem não apresentar uma imagem completa do processo de decomposição nos rios e podem ter sobrestimado a riqueza e a atividade reprodutiva dos hifomicetes aquáticos que colonizam os detritos. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.