Journal Article

When Action Speaks Louder than Words: Exploring Non-Verbal and Paraverbal Features in Dyadic Collaborative VR

Osei Tutu, Dennis, Habibiabad, Sepideh, Bombeke, Klaas, Van den Noortgate, Wim, Saldien, Jelle

2025

Overview

Soft skills such as communication and collaboration are vital in both professional and educational settings, yet difficult to train and assess objectively. Traditional role-playing scenarios rely heavily on subjective trainer evaluations—either in real time, where subtle behaviors are missed, or through time-intensive post hoc analysis. Virtual reality (VR) offers a scalable alternative by immersing trainees in controlled, interactive scenarios while simultaneously capturing fine-grained behavioral signals. This study investigates how task design in VR shapes non-verbal and paraverbal behaviors during dyadic collaboration. We compared two puzzle tasks: Task 1, which provided shared visual access and dynamic gesturing, and Task 2, which required verbal coordination through separation and turn-taking. From multimodal tracking data, we extracted features including gaze behaviors (eye contact, joint attention), hand gestures, facial expressions, and speech activity, and compared them across tasks. A clustering analysis explored whether o not tasks could be differentiated by their behavioral profiles. Results showed that Task 2, the more constrained condition, led participants to focus more visually on their own workspaces, suggesting that interaction difficulty can reduce partner-directed attention. Gestures were more frequent in shared-visual tasks, while speech became longer and more structured when turn-taking was enforced. Joint attention increased when participants relied on verbal descriptions rather than on a visible shared reference. These findings highlight how VR can elicit distinct soft skill behaviors through scenario design, enabling data-driven analysis of collaboration. This work contributes to scalable assessment frameworks with applications in training, adaptive agents, and human-AI collaboration.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Adult / Artificial intelligence / Attention - physiology / Collaboration / Communication / Comparative analysis / Cooperative Behavior / Design / Facial Expression / Feedback / Female / Gestures / Humans / Male / Mechanics / multimodal behavior tracking / Nonverbal Communication - physiology / Sensors / Soft skills / soft skills training / Speech - physiology / User behavior / Virtual Reality / VR interaction analysis / Young Adult