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Optimal Inter-Session Intervals in Neurofeedback Training: A Randomized Trial of Retention and Individual Response Patterns in Elite Judo Athletes
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Optimal Inter-Session Intervals in Neurofeedback Training: A Randomized Trial of Retention and Individual Response Patterns in Elite Judo Athletes
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Journal Article
Optimal Inter-Session Intervals in Neurofeedback Training: A Randomized Trial of Retention and Individual Response Patterns in Elite Judo Athletes
2026
Overview
Background: Neurofeedback training (NFT) enhances athletic performance through alpha modulation, but optimal inter-session intervals and individual response variability remain poorly understood. Objective: This is the first randomized controlled trial to systematically compare neurofeedback periodization (2-day vs. 3-day inter-session intervals) on neurophysiological adaptations, strength performance, and retention in elite judo athletes. Methods: Thirty-one national-level judokas completed 15 alpha enhancement sessions in 2-day (n = 12), 3-day (n = 12), or control (n = 7) groups, receiving pseudo-neurofeedback with randomized, non-contingent feedback. Primary outcomes included Frontal Alpha Index changes (ΔFAI; frontal alpha power modulation ratio) and squat performance (35–100% 1RM), with secondary assessment of 48/72 h retention and response phenotypes. Results: Mean ΔFAI was modest (E15G-2d: 0.005 ± 0.205; E15G-3d: 0.052 ± 0.202), with early peak responses followed by stabilization. E15G-3d demonstrated superior retention (90.2 ± 3.4% at 72 h vs. 76.8 ± 4.1% at 48 h; p < 0.001) despite similar peaks. Both training groups showed significant strength improvements versus controls (E15G-2d: 2.37 ± 0.66 reps; E15G-3d: 2.00 ± 0.53 reps), yet neurophysiological-performance correlations were non-significant (p > 0.072), indicating strength adaptations via mechanisms independent of alpha modulation. Three response phenotypes emerged (high: 29.0%, moderate: 51.6%, low: 19.4%), representing the first empirical classification of neurofeedback responsiveness in athletes. Conclusions: Three-day intervals uniquely optimize retention through enhanced consolidation, establishing evidence-based periodization guidelines for elite athletes. The dissociation between neural and performance adaptations challenges traditional neurofeedback theory, while individual heterogeneity necessitates personalized protocols for optimal NFT periodization.
Publisher
MDPI AG
Subject
