Journal Article

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

Nugroho, Naresworo, Putra, Gustian Rama, Denih, Asep, Priadi, Trisna, Hermawan, Dede, Bahtiar, Effendi Tri, Koswara, Andiana

2022

Overview

Indonesian Wooden Building Code (SNI 7973-2013) has adopted the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction since 2013. A periodic harmonization of the building-code-designated values (i.e., reference design values and adjustment factors) with the experimental data of commercial wood species is necessary. This study aimed to compare the building code’s wet service factors (CM) with the laboratory test of some commercial wood species. Since wood is weaker when its moisture content is high, the wet service factor (CM) must adjust the sawn lumber reference design values if the building serves in wet or aquatic environments. Four commercial wood species, namely pine (Pinus merkusii), agathis (Agathis dammara), red meranti (Shorea leprosula), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), were subjected to mechanical property tests. To calculate the empirical CM values, the mechanical properties tests were conducted on air-dry and wet wood. Instead of testing the full-sized timber, which contains the growth characteristics and defects, this study chose clear-wood specimens to resemble the boundary condition of the ceteris paribus (other things being equal). The wet (water-saturated) specimens were immersed in water for 65 days, and the test was carried out when the specimen was still immersed. The test arrangement imitated the submerged wood as the worst-case scenario of the wet environment where the construction serves, rather than green or partially immersed timber. As many as 40 specimens were tested to compare each mechanical property’s wet service factor; thus, this study reported 200 specimens’ laboratory test results. The empirical CM values to adjust the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength parallel-to-grain, tensile strength parallel-to-grain, and maximum crushing strength (CM = 0.59, 0.76, 0.65, 0.73, and 0.67, respectively) were significantly lower than SNI 7973-2013 designated values (CM = 0.9, 0.85, 0.97, 1, and 0.8, respectively). The empirical CM for the compression stress perpendicular-to-grain at the proportional limit and that at the 0.04″ deformation (CM = 0.66) were slightly lower than the designated values (CM = 0.67), although they were not significantly different. This study resulted in lower empirical CM values than the designated ones, which found that the building code lacked conservativeness. The lacked conservativeness is mainly attributed to the building code’s recent choices, e.g., (1) the wet service environment basis is the green timber rather than the fully water-saturated one, and (2) the ratio of near minimum (5% lower) distribution value is chosen as the CM value rather than the average of wet timber’s mechanical property divided by the air-dry one. This study proposes changing both recent choices to alternative ones to develop more safe and reliable designated CM values.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Agathis dammara / Aquatic environment / Bending stresses / Boundary conditions / Building codes / Building law / Building materials / Chemical properties / Comparative analysis / Compression / Compressive strength / Construction / Crystal defects / deformation / Design / Design specifications / Environmental conditions / Hardwoods / Humidity / Interpretation and construction / Laboratories / laboratory experimentation / Laboratory tests / Laws, regulations and rules / Lumber / Mahogany / Mechanical properties / Modulus of elasticity / Modulus of rupture / Moisture content / Moisture effects / Pinus merkusii / Proportional limit / Shear strength / Shorea leprosula / Swietenia mahagoni / Tensile strength / Timber / Water content / wet environmental conditions / wetwood / Wood / Wood construction / Wood products