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Exploring natural AMPK activators from bioactive compounds in fenugreek and oyster mushroom for management of type 2 diabetes
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Exploring natural AMPK activators from bioactive compounds in fenugreek and oyster mushroom for management of type 2 diabetes
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Journal Article
Exploring natural AMPK activators from bioactive compounds in fenugreek and oyster mushroom for management of type 2 diabetes
2025
Overview
Oral antidiabetic drugs mainly act by stimulating pancreatic β-cells, but prolonged stimulation may lead to exhaustion and impaired insulin secretion. In contrast, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) lowers blood glucose through an insulin-independent pathway, offering therapeutic potential. This study aims to identify AMPK activators in oyster mushrooms and fenugreek using GC-MS and bioinformatics analysis. The bioactive compounds in both samples were identified through GC-MS analysis. Molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, toxicity, and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were employed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the identified phytochemicals. The results showed that the ester class of compounds was the most abundant in both fenugreek and oyster mushroom extracts, identified by GC-MS analysis. Molecular docking revealed that the selected ligands exhibited strong binding affinities to the AMPK target protein. Pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness analyses confirmed that most compounds met acceptable ranges for potential AMPK activators. Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrated that the selected ligands formed more stable ligand–protein complexes with fewer fluctuations compared to the control drug, glibenclamide. Overall, this study suggests that 2′,6′-Dihydroxyacetophenone, 1-Methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazole, and N-Methylphthalimide are potential AMPK direct activators capable of mitigating Type 2 diabetes through an insulin-independent pathway. However, further in vitro and in vivo validation is required.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
Subject
/ 631/154
/ 692/699
/ AMP-activated protein kinase
/ AMP-Activated Protein Kinases - chemistry
/ AMP-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism
/ Animals
/ Diabetes
/ Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)
/ Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy
/ Drugs
/ Ethanol
/ Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
/ GC-MS
/ Glucose
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Hypoglycemic Agents - chemistry
/ Hypoglycemic Agents - pharmacology
/ Kinases
/ Ligands
/ Molecular Docking Simulation
/ Molecular dynamic simulation
/ Molecular Dynamics Simulation
/ Mushroom
/ Plant Extracts - pharmacology
/ Proteins
/ Science
/ Toxicity
/ Water
