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A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination
A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination
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A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination
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A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination
A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination

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A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination
A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination
Journal Article

A single gene underlies the dynamic evolution of poplar sex determination

2020
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Overview
Although hundreds of plant lineages have independently evolved dioecy (that is, separation of the sexes), the underlying genetic basis remains largely elusive 1 . Here we show that diverse poplar species carry partial duplicates of the ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 17 ( ARR17 ) orthologue in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. These duplicates give rise to small RNAs apparently causing male-specific DNA methylation and silencing of the ARR17 gene. CRISPR–Cas9-induced mutations demonstrate that ARR17 functions as a sex switch, triggering female development when on and male development when off. Despite repeated turnover events, including a transition from the XY system to a ZW system, the sex-specific regulation of ARR17 is conserved across the poplar genus and probably beyond. Our data reveal how a single-gene-based mechanism of dioecy can enable highly dynamic sex-linked regions and contribute to maintaining recombination and integrity of sex chromosomes. Populus has young sex chromosomes despite ancient dioecy. This study shows that the ARR17 gene functions as a sex switch, triggering female development when on and male development when off. This single-gene system enables dynamic evolution of poplar sex chromosomes.