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Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases
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Journal Article
Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases
2018
Overview
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a neural chronic inflammation, called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and of a malignant lymphoproliferation, called the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The mechanisms through which the HTLV-1 induces these diseases are still unclear, but they might rely on immune alterations. HAM/TSP is associated with an impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL9, or CXCL10. ATLL is associated with high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. These immunosuppressive cytokines could promote a protumoral micro-environment. Moreover, HTLV-1 infection impairs the IFN-I production and signaling, and favors the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 expression. This contributes both to immune escape and to infected cells proliferation. Here, we review the landscape of cytokine dysregulations induced by HTLV-1 infection and the role of these cytokines in the HTLV-1-associated diseases progression.
Publisher
MDPI AG,MDPI
Subject
/ ATLL
/ Central nervous system diseases
/ Chemokine CXCL9 - immunology
/ Disease
/ HAM/TSP
/ HTLV-1
/ HTLV-I Infections - immunology
/ Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
/ Humans
/ Interferon-gamma - immunology
/ Kinases
/ Leukemia
/ Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell - immunology
/ Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell - virology
/ Lymphoma
/ Mice
/ Microbiology and Parasitology
/ Mutation
/ Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic - immunology
/ Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic - virology
/ Review
/ Tropical spastic paraparesis
/ Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - immunology
/ Virology
