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Integrated 16 S rRNA and transcriptome analysis reveal molecular and microbial mechanisms of cold-tolerant germination in hulless barley
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Integrated 16 S rRNA and transcriptome analysis reveal molecular and microbial mechanisms of cold-tolerant germination in hulless barley
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Journal Article
Integrated 16 S rRNA and transcriptome analysis reveal molecular and microbial mechanisms of cold-tolerant germination in hulless barley
2025
Overview
Background
Elucidating the mechanisms underlying cold-tolerant germination is crucial for enhancing crop resilience to low temperatures. Hulless barley (
Hordeum vulgare
var.
coeleste
L.), with remarkable natural cold adaptation, serves as an ideal model to study cold stress tolerance mechanisms in gramineous crops. In this study, cold-tolerant variety 37 and cold-sensitive variety 44 were screened and used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of cold-tolerant germination, via seed germination assays, combined with phytohormone determination, transcriptome sequencing and 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing.
Results
Low temperature significantly inhibited hulless barley seed germination: the germination rate of cold-sensitive variety 44 decreased by 69%, while that of cold-tolerant variety 37 only decreased by 2%. Transcriptome analysis identified 2,647 and 2,392 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in variety 37 and 44, respectively. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed a green module significantly positively correlated with gibberellic acid (GA) content, containing 10 core genes such as
late embryogenesis abundant protein
(
LEA
) and
Homeobox
genes. 16 S rRNA sequencing showed that the cold-tolerant variety 37 had enriched abundances of dominant endophytes including
Sphingomonas
and
Pelomonas
, with correlation coefficients of 0.70 and 0.87 with GA content, respectively. Additionally, exogenous GA treatment significantly increased germination rates under cold stress by 176.67% in cold-sensitive variety 44.
Conclusions
This study confirms that the enhanced cold tolerance of hulless barley during seed germination originates from the synergistic interaction between beneficial endophytes (
Sphingomonas
,
Pelomonas
), GA, and core genes (e.g.,
LEA
,
Homeobox
). Exogenous GA application can significantly restore the germination ability of cold-sensitive varieties. These findings provide a critical theoretical basis for improving cold tolerance in hulless barley germplasm.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Barley
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Drought
/ Enzymes
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
/ Genes
/ Homeobox
/ Hordeum - growth & development
/ Humidity
/ Microbial Genetics and Genomics
/ Plant Growth Regulators - metabolism
/ RNA
/ RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics
/ rRNA
/ Seeds
/ Seeds - growth & development
/ WGCNA
