Journal Article

Merkel cell polyomavirus small tumor antigen contributes to immune evasion by interfering with type I interferon signaling

Friedel, Caroline C., Schmidt, Claudia, Schneider, Carola, Brinkmann, Melanie M., Weißelberg, Samira, Huang, Jiabin, Günther, Thomas, Mai, Julia, Schreiner, Sabrina, Brinschwitz, Veronika, Westerkamp, Ute, Nakel, Jacqueline, Schlemeyer, Tabea, Ohnezeit, Denise, Fischer, Nicole, Czech-Sioli, Manja, Schwanke, Hella, Grundhoff, Adam

2024

Overview

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the causative agent of the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). The virus has limited coding capacity, with its early viral proteins, large T (LT) and small T (sT), being multifunctional and contributing to infection and transformation. A fundamental difference in early viral gene expression between infection and MCPyV-driven tumorigenesis is the expression of a truncated LT (LTtr) in the tumor. In contrast, sT is expressed in both conditions and contributes significantly to oncogenesis. Here, we identified novel functions of early viral proteins by performing genome-wide transcriptome and chromatin studies in primary human fibroblasts. Due to current limitations in infection and tumorigenesis models, we mimic these conditions by ectopically expressing sT, LT or LTtr, individually or in combination, at different time points. In addition to its known function in cell cycle and inflammation modulation, we reveal a fundamentally new function of sT. We show that sT regulates the type I interferon (IFN) response downstream of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) by interfering with the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3)-induced interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) response. Expression of sT leads to a reduction in the expression of interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) which is a central component of the ISGF3 complex. We further show that this function of sT is conserved in BKPyV. We provide a first mechanistic understanding of which early viral proteins trigger and control the type I IFN response, which may influence MCPyV infection, persistence and, during MCC progression, regulation of the tumor microenvironment.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Analysis / Antigen T (large) / Antigens / Antigens, Viral, Tumor - genetics / Antigens, Viral, Tumor - immunology / Antigens, Viral, Tumor - metabolism / Biological response modifiers / Biology and Life Sciences / Canada / Carcinoma, Merkel Cell - immunology / Carcinoma, Merkel Cell - virology / Care and treatment / Cell culture / Cell cycle / Chromatin / Cytokines / Development and progression / Diagnosis / Diseases / Fibroblasts / Fibroblasts - immunology / Fibroblasts - metabolism / Fibroblasts - virology / Gene expression / Genes / Genomes / Genomics / Health aspects / Humans / Immune Evasion - immunology / Immune response / Infections / Interferon / Interferon regulatory factor / Interferon Type I - immunology / Interferon Type I - metabolism / Kinases / Medical research / Medicine and Health Sciences / Merkel cell carcinoma / Merkel cell polyomavirus - immunology / Open access publishing / Pathogenesis / Polyomavirus Infections - immunology / Polyomavirus Infections - virology / Proteins / Risk factors / Sensors / Signal Transduction - immunology / Skin Neoplasms - immunology / Skin Neoplasms - metabolism / Skin Neoplasms - virology / Testing / Transcription factors / Transcriptomes / Tumor antigens / Tumor microenvironment / Tumor Virus Infections - immunology / Tumor Virus Infections - virology / Tumorigenesis / Tumors / Viral proteins