Journal Article

Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence and estimated 10-year cardiovascular risk scores in Indonesia: The SMARThealth Extend study

Tampubolon, Gindo, Maharani, Asri, Oceandy, Delvac, Praveen, Devarsetty, Patel, Anushka, Sujarwoto

2019

Overview

The brunt of cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden globally now resides within low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. However, little is known regarding cardiovascular health in Indonesia. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of elevated CVD risk in a specific region of Indonesia. We conducted full household screening for cardiovascular risk factors among adults aged 40 years and older in 8 villages in Malang District, East Java Province, Indonesia, in 2016-2017. 10-year cardiovascular risk scores were calculated based on the World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension's region-specific charts that use age, sex, blood pressure, diabetes status and smoking behaviour. Among 22,093 participants, 6,455 (29.2%) had high cardiovascular risk, defined as the presence of coronary heart disease, stroke or other atherosclerotic disease; estimated 10-year CVD risk of ≥ 30%; or estimated 10-year CVD risk between 10% to 29% combined with a systolic blood pressure of > 140 mmHg. The prevalence of high CVD risk was greater in urban (31.6%, CI 30.7-32.5%) than in semi-urban (28.7%, CI 27.3-30.1%) and rural areas (26.2%, CI 25.2-27.2%). Only 11% and 1% of all the respondents with high CVD risk were on blood pressure lowering and statins treatment, respectively. High cardiovascular risk is common among Indonesian adults aged ≥40 years, and rates of preventive treatment are low. Population-based and clinical approaches to preventing CVD should be a priority in both urban and rural areas.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Adult / Adults / Aged / Aged, 80 and over / Analysis / Antihypertensive Agents - therapeutic use / Antilipemic agents / Arteriosclerosis / Atherosclerosis / Atherosclerosis - epidemiology / Biology and Life Sciences / Blood pressure / Cardiovascular agents / Cardiovascular disease / Cardiovascular diseases / Cardiovascular Diseases - drug therapy / Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology / Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control / Coronary artery disease / Coronary Disease - epidemiology / Coronary heart disease / Cross-Sectional Studies / Demography / Developing Countries / Diabetes / Diabetes mellitus / Earth Sciences / Epidemiology / Female / Health risk assessment / Health risks / Heart diseases / Humans / Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use / Hypertension / Hypertension - drug therapy / Hypertension - epidemiology / Indonesia - epidemiology / Male / Medical research / Medicine and Health Sciences / Middle Aged / Mortality / Obesity / People and Places / Phlebotomy / Population density / Premature mortality / Prevalence / Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) / Prevention / Preventive medicine / Professional associations / Public health / Risk analysis / Risk Factors / Rural areas / Rural Population / Sexual behavior / Smoking / Statins / Statistics / Stroke / Stroke - epidemiology / Studies / Towns / Urban Population / Urbanization