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DNA barcoding, micromorphology and metabolic traits of selected Ficus L. (Moraceae) species from Egypt
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DNA barcoding, micromorphology and metabolic traits of selected Ficus L. (Moraceae) species from Egypt
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Journal Article
DNA barcoding, micromorphology and metabolic traits of selected Ficus L. (Moraceae) species from Egypt
2024
Overview
The genus
Ficus
of the family Moraceae, is one of the largest genera of angiosperms, with diverse pharmaceutical applications and biological activities. The traditional approaches based on the morphological traits have been frequently implemented for taxonomical identification of the different taxa of
Ficus
, however, encompassing these features are quite laborious, due to the dependence of these phenotypic traits on the environmental conditions. So, authenticating the taxonomical identity of the
Ficus
taxa with molecular barcoding and metabolic profiling, as relatively stable traits, could be a relevant approach for confirming the traditional phenotypic traits of this genus. Nine species of the genus
Ficus
namely
F. amplissima
Sm.,
F. benjamina
L.
F. binnendijkii
,
F. drupacea
var.
pubescens
,
F. elastica
Roxb.,
F. microcarpa
L.,
F. religiosa
L.,
F. tinctoria
subsp.
gibbosa
and
F. virens
var.
sublancelata
in Egypt, were selected for this study. From the anatomical features, three species of subsection Urostigma,
F. religiosa
,
F. virens
var.
sublanceolata
have cystoliths on the abaxial layer, whereas in
F. amplissima
it was on the adaxial layer. The UPGMA dendrogram of the studied
Ficus
taxa has been generated from the 21 anatomical characters, categorized the studied taxa into two clusters (I and II) of average distance ~ 3.5, each cluster has been further divided into subclusters I and II. The sub-cluster I includes
F. religiosa
,
F. virens
var.
sublanceolata
and
F. tinctoria
subsp.
gibbosa
were grouped together to subsection Urostigma, while the sub-cluster II of the cluster I includes
F. benjamina
and
F. amplissima
. From the DNA barcoding analysis, three clusters I, II and III were emerged, the cluster I includes
F. benjamina
,
F. binnendjikee
, and
F. amplissima
. The cluster II,
F. virens
var.
sublanceolata
and
F. religiosa
that belong to subsection Urostigma, while, the cluster III includes
F. elastica
and
F. drupacea
var.
pubescens
,
F. microcarpa
that belongs to subsection Conosycea. From the metabolic profiling of
Ficus
species, the major compounds; H-cycloprop-azulen-7-ol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 2-(9-octadecenyloxy), pentadecanoic acid, phytol, sitosterol and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid were the common among the taxa, with an obvious fluctuation, that could be a chemotaxonomic markers for these species of
Ficus
. Based on the metabolic profiling, two distinct clusters I and II were evolved, the cluster I involve
F. elastica
,
F. benjamina
,
F. drupacea
var.
pubescens
,
F. amplissima
, while, the cluster II had
F. tinctoria
subsp.
gibbosa
and
F. religiosa
. The fluctuation on the metabolites of the tested
Ficus
species could be a metabolic fingerprint for each species. So, the delamination of the tested plants based on their anatomical traits was typically matched to the separation based on the ITS sequence analysis.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
