Journal Article

Anxious Traits Intensify the Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Stigma in People Living with HIV

D’Onofrio, Antonio, Simonetti, Alessio, Cherubini, Flavio, Santinelli, Letizia, Koukopoulos, Alexia, Camardese, Giovanni, Janiri, Delfina, D’Ettorre, Gabriella, Sani, Gabriele, Vassalini, Paolo

2025

Overview

Background/Objectives: Despite medical advances, stigma remains a major challenge for people living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined clinical, sociodemographic, and psychological predictors of HIV-related stigma, and explored whether affective temperament moderates the impact of depression on stigma. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 97 PLWH attending a tertiary infectious disease unit in Rome, Italy. Participants completed a battery of validated psychometric instruments assessing depressive symptoms, anxiety, manic symptoms, mixed affective states, general psychopathology, impulsivity, and affective temperament. HIV-related stigma was evaluated using the Berger HIV Stigma Scale, which measures personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concerns with public attitudes. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Univariate linear regressions were conducted to explore associations between clinical, psychometric, and sociodemographic variables and each stigma subdimension, as well as the total stigma score. Variables significant at p < 0.05 were included in five multivariate linear regression models. Moderation analyses were subsequently performed to assess whether affective temperaments moderated the relationship between significant psychopathological predictors and stigma. Bonferroni correction was applied where appropriate. Results: Higher depressive symptom scores are significantly associated with greater internalized stigma (B = 0.902, p = 0.006) and total stigma (B = 2.603, p = 0.008). Furthermore, moderation analyses showed that anxious temperament significantly intensified the relationship between depressive symptoms and both negative self-image (interaction term B = 0.125, p = 0.001) and total stigma (B = 0.336, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and anxious temperament are associated with HIV-related stigma. Integrating psychological screening and targeted interventions for mood and temperament vulnerabilities may help reduce stigma burden in PLWH and improve psychosocial outcomes.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,MDPI
• Subject: affective temperament / Analysis / Anxiety / anxious temperament / Batteries / depressive symptoms / Discrimination against AIDS virus carriers / Emotional behavior / HIV / HIV (Viruses) / HIV patients / HIV-related stigma / Human immunodeficiency virus / Impulsive behavior / Impulsivity / Infectious diseases / internalized stigma / Interviews / Mania / Medical screening / Mental depression / Mental disorders / Mental health / Perceptions / Personality disorders / Psychology, Pathological / Psychopathology / Quantitative psychology / Questionnaires / Regression analysis / Sociodemographics / Stigma