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Endogenous retroviruses function as species-specific enhancer elements in the placenta
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Journal Article
Endogenous retroviruses function as species-specific enhancer elements in the placenta
2013
Overview
Julie Baker and colleagues report epigenome and transcriptome profiles of rat and mouse trophoblast stem cells and show that endogenous retroviruses serve as a genome-wide source of species-specific enhancer elements in the placenta.
The mammalian placenta is remarkably distinct between species, suggesting a history of rapid evolutionary diversification
1
. To gain insight into the molecular drivers of placental evolution, we compared biochemically predicted enhancers in mouse and rat trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and found that species-specific enhancers are highly enriched for endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) on a genome-wide level. One of these ERV families, RLTR13D5, contributes hundreds of mouse-specific histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation (H3K4me1)- and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac)-defined enhancers that functionally bind Cdx2, Eomes and Elf5—core factors that define the TSC regulatory network. Furthermore, we show that RLTR13D5 is capable of driving gene expression in rat placental cells. Analysis in other tissues shows that species-specific ERV enhancer activity is generally restricted to hypomethylated tissues, suggesting that tissues permissive for ERV activity gain access to an otherwise silenced source of regulatory variation. Overall, our results implicate ERV enhancer co-option as a mechanism underlying the extensive evolutionary diversification of placental development.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group US,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Endogenous Retroviruses - genetics
/ Endogenous Retroviruses - metabolism
/ Enhancer Elements, Genetic - genetics
/ Female
/ Genome
/ Genomes
/ Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase - genetics
/ Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase - metabolism
/ Humans
/ letter
/ Mammals
/ Mice
/ Mutation
/ Placenta
/ Rats
/ Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
/ Studies
