Journal Article

Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus in canines in North-Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, identified using morphology and genetic characterization of mitochondrial DNA

Heidari, Zahra, Sharbatkhori, Mitra, Arzamani, Kourosh, Mobedi, Iraj, Mirhendi, Seyed Hossein, Nikmanesh, Bahram, Mohebali, Mehdi, Zarei, Zabihollah, Sharifdini, Meysam, Kia, Eshrat Beigom

2019

Overview

Background Canids are definitive hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus. This study aimed to survey these two Echinococcus species in canids of North-Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, using morphological criteria and genetic characterization of mitochondrial DNA. Methods The carcasses of 106 canids, namely 61 jackals ( Canis aureus ), 23 foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), 19 dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and three wolves ( Canis lupus ) were collected from the study area in 2013–2014 and examined for Echinococcus species. Morphological features were assessed by microscopy of adult worms. For molecular characterization, DNA was extracted, mostly from the adult worms but also from eggs. DNA fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( nad 1) mitochondrial genes were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned and compared with reference sequences. Intraspecific and interspecific diversity were calculated and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Results Overall, 9.4% of the canids (eight jackals and two foxes) were found infected with E. multilocularis by molecular methods, of which seven cases were also confirmed using morphological description of the adult worms. Echinococcus granulosus was found in 6.6% of the canines (four dogs, two jackals and one wolf) as determined by both molecular methods and adult cestode morphology. All E. granulosus isolates were identified as the G1 genotype. Comparative sequence analysis indicated 0–0.7% and 0% intraspecific divergence within E. granulosus isolates and 0% and 0–0.2% within E. multilocularis isolates for cox 1 and nad 1, respectively. Conclusions This study revealed the presence of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus in canids of North-Khorasan Province of Iran. Jackals were found infected with both E. multilocularis and E. granulosus , but infection with the former species was higher.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: adults / Analysis / Animal behavior / Animal morphology / Animals / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biomedicine / Canidae / Canine / Canis aureus / Canis lupus / Carcasses / Cytochrome / Cytochrome c / Cytochrome oxidase / Cytochrome-c oxidase / Cytochromes / Dehydrogenases / Deoxyribonucleic acid / Divergence / DNA / DNA, Helminth - genetics / DNA, Mitochondrial - genetics / Dog Diseases - parasitology / Dogs / Dogs - parasitology / Echinococcosis - parasitology / Echinococcosis - veterinary / Echinococcus / Echinococcus granulosus / Echinococcus granulosus - classification / Echinococcus granulosus - genetics / Echinococcus granulosus - isolation & purification / Echinococcus multilocularis / Echinococcus multilocularis - classification / Echinococcus multilocularis - genetics / Echinococcus multilocularis - isolation & purification / Eggs / Entomology / Ethanol / Feces / Female / Foxes / Foxes - parasitology / Gene sequencing / Genes / Genetic aspects / Genetic research / Genetic testing / Genotype / Genotypes / Gray wolf / Identification / Infectious Diseases / Interspecific / intraspecific variation / Iran / Jackals - parasitology / Male / Methods / Microscopy / mitochondria / Mitochondrial DNA / Mitochondrial genes / Morphology / NADH dehydrogenase / Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide / Nucleotide sequence / Oxidases / Parasitology / Phylogeny / Precipitation / Sequence analysis / Small intestine / Species / Surveying / Surveys / Tropical diseases / Tropical Medicine / Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science / Virology / Vulpes vulpes / Wolves / Wolves - parasitology / Worms / Zoonoses