Journal Article

Enhancing clinical reasoning skills in medical students through team-based learning: a mixed-methods study

Inoue, Tetsuhiko, Inamori, Masahiko, Jikuya, Ryosuke, Yoshimi, Ryusuke, Asami, Takeshi, Takada, Naoko, Ishizuka, Kosuke, Iwata, Yuri, Oi, Yasufumi, Kobayashi, Takashi, Ohta, Mitsuyasu, Shikino, Kiyoshi, Nishimura, Kenichi, Togashi, Yu, Kusakabe, Akihiko, Watanabe, Yuko, Funakoshi, Kengo, Ogawa, Fumihiro, Ototake, Yasushi, Takeuchi, Ichiro, Imai, Yuichi, Sakai, Yohei, Sano, Daisuke

2025

Overview

Background Clinical reasoning skills are essential competencies for medical students; therefore, effective, evidence-informed teaching methodologies are needed worldwide. This study investigated the benefits of team-based learning (TBL) for developing the skills in medical students. Method A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was used to investigate the effectiveness of TBL for medical students acquiring clinical reasoning skills. The study participants comprised 92 fourth-year medical students at Yokohama City University School of Medicine, participating in TBL sessions that covered 10 major clinical symptoms identified in the core curriculum. Each session lasted 240 min. Before and after the educational intervention, student performance was measured using the script concordance test (SCT) on a 30-point scale, and self-assessed clinical reasoning competency was measured on a 7-point Likert scale. The SCT included pre-tests and post-tests of 30 questions each, with students randomly assigned to one of two test sets. Following the quantitative evaluation, a qualitative content analysis was conducted to explore the advantages of TBL for learning clinical reasoning skills. The analytic categories were set according to the six levels of Fink’s taxonomy of significant learning. Result Student performance improved significantly after the educational intervention (A test: 16.5 ± 4.4 to 18.7 ± 4.5, p  = 0.019; B test: 18.1 ± 3.7 to 19.8 ± 4.4, p  = 0.028). After the educational intervention, self-assessed clinical reasoning competency was significantly higher in “recalling appropriate physical examination and tests on clinical hypothesis generation,” “recalling appropriate differential diagnosis from patient’s chief complaint,” “verbalizing points that fit/don’t fit the recalled differential diagnosis appropriately,” “verbalizing and reflecting appropriately on own mistakes,” “selecting keywords from the whole aspect of the patient,” and “practicing the appropriate clinical reasoning process” (all p  < 0.001). The content analysis extracted 23 subcategories and 233 codes of the advantages of TBL for learning clinical reasoning skills, covering all six levels of Fink’s taxonomy of significant learning: Foundational knowledge (7 codes); Application (40 codes); Integration (69 codes); Human dimension (89 codes); Caring (8 codes); and Learning how to learn (20 codes). Conclusion This study demonstrates that TBL supports the acquisition of critical clinical reasoning skills among medical students.

• Publisher: BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Academic Achievement / Addition / Class Activities / Clinical Competence / Clinical Reasoning / Competence / Control Groups / Core curriculum / Critical thinking / Curriculum / Decision making / Education / Education, Medical, Undergraduate - methods / Educational Development / Educational Facilities Improvement / Educational Measurement / Educational Methods / Educational Strategies / Evaluative Thinking / Faculty Development / Feedback / Female / Fink’s taxonomy / Group Discussion / Group dynamics / Group Processes / Group Testing / Group work in education / Humans / Hypotheses / Individual Testing / Information Processing / Instructional Design / Instructional scaffolding / Investigations / Japan / Learning / Learning Strategies / Male / Measurement Techniques / Medical Education / Medical Evaluation / Medical Schools / Medical students / Metacognition / Methods / Mixed methods research / Pathophysiology / Problem solving / Problem-Based Learning - methods / Qualitative research / Questionnaires / Script concordance test / Self study / Students, Medical - psychology / Study and teaching / Team learning approach in education / Team-based learning / Theory of Medicine/Bioethics / Young Adult