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Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs
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Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs
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Journal Article
Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs
2021
Overview
Background
Metastrongyloid parasites
Angiostrongylus vasorum
and
Crenosoma vulpis
infect wild and domestic canids and are important pathogens in dogs. Recent studies indicate that gastropod intermediate hosts infected with various metastrongyloids spontaneously shed infective third-stage larvae (L3) into the environment via feces and mucus under laboratory conditions. Shed L3 retain motility up to 120 days, but whether they retain infectivity was unknown.
Methods
To assess the infectivity of shed L3, the heart/lungs of six red foxes (
Vulpes vulpes
) were obtained from trappers in Newfoundland, Canada. Lungs were examined for first-stage larvae (L1) by the Baermann technique. A high number of viable
A. vasorum
L1 and a low number of
C. vulpis
L1 were recovered from one fox; these were used to infect naïve laboratory-raised
Limax maximus
. L3 recovered from slugs by artificial digestion were fed to two naïve purpose-bred research beagles (100 L3/dog). L1 shed by these two dogs was used to infect 546
L. maximus
(2000–10,000 L1/slug). L3 shedding was induced by anesthetizing slugs in soda water and transferring them into warm (45 °C) tap water for at least 8 h. Shed L3 recovered from slugs were aliquoted on romaine lettuce in six-well tissue culture plates (80–500 L3/well) and stored at 16 °C/75% relative humidity. Four naïve research beagles were then exposed to 100 L3/dog from larvae stored for 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively, after shedding.
Results
All four dogs began shedding
C. vulpis
L1 by 26–36 days post-infection (PI). All four dogs began shedding
A. vasorum
L1 by 50 days PI.
Conclusions
L3 infectivity for the definitive host was retained in both metastrongyloids, indicating the potential for natural infection in dogs through exposure from environmental contamination. As an additional exposure route, eating or licking plant or other material(s) contaminated with metastrongyloid L3 could dramatically increase the number of dogs at risk of infection from these parasites.
Graphical Abstract
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Angiostrongylus - growth & development
/ Angiostrongylus - isolation & purification
/ Angiostrongylus - physiology
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Canada
/ Disease Reservoirs - parasitology
/ Disease Reservoirs - veterinary
/ Diseases
/ Dogs
/ Exposure
/ feces
/ Foxes
/ Heart
/ Helminths and helminthic diseases
/ Hosts
/ Larva - growth & development
/ Larvae
/ Lungs
/ Lungworm
/ Metastrongyloidea - growth & development
/ Metastrongyloidea - isolation & purification
/ Metastrongyloidea - physiology
/ Mucus
/ risk
/ Shedding
/ Slugs
/ Strongylida Infections - parasitology
/ Strongylida Infections - veterinary
/ Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science
/ Virology
