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Detection of Leishmania tarentolae in lizards, sand flies and dogs in southern Italy, where Leishmania infantum is endemic: hindrances and opportunities
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Detection of Leishmania tarentolae in lizards, sand flies and dogs in southern Italy, where Leishmania infantum is endemic: hindrances and opportunities
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Detection of Leishmania tarentolae in lizards, sand flies and dogs in southern Italy, where Leishmania infantum is endemic: hindrances and opportunities
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Journal Article
Detection of Leishmania tarentolae in lizards, sand flies and dogs in southern Italy, where Leishmania infantum is endemic: hindrances and opportunities
2021
Overview
Background
Leishmania tarentolae
is a protozoan isolated from geckoes (
Tarentola annularis
,
Tarentola mauritanica
), which is considered non-pathogenic and is transmitted by herpetophilic
Sergentomyia
spp. sand flies. This species occurs in sympatry with
Leishmania infantum
in areas where canine leishmaniasis is endemic. In the present study, we investigated the circulation of
L. tarentolae
and
L. infantum
in sand flies, dogs and lizards in a dog shelter in southern Italy, where canine leishmaniasis by
L. infantum
is endemic.
Methods
Sheltered dogs (
n
= 100) negative for
Leishmania
spp. (March 2020) were screened by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using promastigotes of both species at two time points (June 2020 and March 2021). Whole blood from dogs, tissues of
Podarcis siculus
lizards (
n
= 28) and sand flies (
n
= 2306) were also sampled and tested by a duplex real-time PCR (dqPCR). Host blood meal was assessed in sand flies by PCR.
Results
Overall, 16 dogs became positive for
L. infantum
and/or
L. tarentolae
by IFAT at one or both sampling periods. One canine blood sample was positive for
L. infantum
, whilst two for
L. tarentolae
by dqPCR. At the cytology of lizard blood,
Leishmania
spp. amastigote-like forms were detected in erythrocytes. Twenty-two tissue samples, mostly lung (21.4%), scored molecularly positive for
L. tarentolae
, corresponding to 10 lizards (i.e., 35.7%). Of the female
Sergentomyia minuta
sampled (
n
= 1252), 158 scored positive for
L. tarentolae
, four for
L. infantum
, and one co-infected. Two
Phlebotomus perniciosus
(out of 29 females) were positive for
L. tarentolae
. Engorged
S. minuta
(
n
= 10) fed on humans, and one
P. perniciosus
, positive for
L. tarentolae
, on lagomorphs.
Conclusions
Dogs and lacertid lizards (
Podarcis siculus
) were herein found for the first time infected by
L. tarentolae
. The detection of both
L. tarentolae
and
L. infantum
in
S. minuta
and
P. perniciosus
suggests their sympatric circulation, with a potential overlap in vertebrate hosts. The interactions between
L. tarentolae
and
L. infantum
should be further investigated in both vectors and vertebrate hosts to understand the potential implications for the diagnosis and control of canine leishmaniasis in endemic areas.
Graphical abstract
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Blood
/ Cytology
/ Diptera
/ DNA
/ Dogs
/ dqPCR
/ Endemic Diseases - veterinary
/ Female
/ Females
/ Flies
/ fluorescent antibody technique
/ Hosts
/ Identification and classification
/ IFAT
/ Italy
/ Leishmania - isolation & purification
/ Leishmania infantum - isolation & purification
/ Leishmania infantum - pathogenicity
/ Leishmaniasis - epidemiology
/ Lizards
/ lungs
/ Male
/ Parasites of veterinary importance
/ PCR
/ Podarcis
/ Protozoa
/ quantitative polymerase chain reaction
/ Reptiles
/ sand
/ Serology
/ Sympatry
/ Tissue
/ Vectors
/ Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science
/ Virology
