Journal Article

Relationship between brain iron dynamics and blood-brain barrier function during childhood: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study

Gen Furukawa, Hirohito Kan, Kengo Onda, Keita Sakurai, Yuto Uchida, Kenichi Oishi, Koji Takada, Noriyuki Matsukawa

2023

Overview

Background Mounting evidence suggests that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in the regulation of brain iron homeostasis in normal brain development, but these imaging profiles remain to be elucidated. We aimed to establish a relationship between brain iron dynamics and BBB function during childhood using a combined quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to depict both physiological systems along developmental trajectories. Methods In this single-center prospective study, consecutive outpatients, 2–180 months of age, who underwent brain MRI (3.0-T scanner; Ingenia; Philips) between January 2020 and January 2021, were included. Children with histories of preterm birth or birth defects, abnormalities on MRI, and diagnoses that included neurological diseases during follow-up examinations through December 2022 were excluded. In addition to clinical MRI, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM; iron deposition measure) and diffusion-prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL; BBB function measure) were acquired. Atlas-based analyses for QSM and DP-pCASL were performed to investigate developmental trajectories of regional brain iron deposition and BBB function and their relationships. Results A total of 78 children (mean age, 73.8 months ± 61.5 [SD]; 43 boys) were evaluated. Rapid magnetic susceptibility progression in the brain (Δsusceptibility value) was observed during the first two years (globus pallidus, 1.26 ± 0.18 [× 10 − 3 ppm/month]; substantia nigra, 0.68 ± 0.16; thalamus, 0.15 ± 0.04). The scattergram between the Δsusceptibility value and the water exchange rate across the BBB ( k w ) divided by the cerebral blood flow was well fitted to the sigmoidal curve model, whose inflection point differed among each deep gray-matter nucleus (globus pallidus, 2.96–3.03 [mL/100 g] −1 ; substantia nigra, 3.12–3.15; thalamus, 3.64–3.67) in accordance with the regional heterogeneity of brain iron accumulation. Conclusions The combined quantitative MRI study of QSM and DP-pCASL for pediatric brains demonstrated the relationship between brain iron dynamics and BBB function during childhood. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry identifier: UMIN000039047, registered January 6, 2020.

• Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC,BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
• Subject: Age / Biomedical and Life Sciences / Biomedicine / Birth defects / Blood flow / Blood-Brain Barrier / Brain / Cerebral blood flow / Child / Childhood / Children / Clinical trials / Congenital defects / Diffusion-prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling / Female / Globus pallidus / Hematology / Homeostasis / Humans / Infant, Newborn / Infants (Premature) / Iron / Laws, regulations and rules / Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Magnetic susceptibility / Male / Money / Nervous system diseases / Neurobiology / Neuroimaging / Neurological diseases / Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system / Neurosciences / Pediatric brain / Pediatrics / Physiological aspects / Physiology / Premature Birth / Prospective Studies / Quantitative susceptibility mapping / RC346-429 / Regions / Spin labeling / Substantia nigra / Thalamus / Water exchange