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Human gut bacteria contain acquired interbacterial defence systems
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Journal Article
Human gut bacteria contain acquired interbacterial defence systems
2019
Overview
The human gastrointestinal tract consists of a dense and diverse microbial community, the composition of which is intimately linked to health. Extrinsic factors such as diet and host immunity are insufficient to explain the constituents of this community, and direct interactions between co-resident microorganisms have been implicated as important drivers of microbiome composition. The genomes of bacteria derived from the gut microbiome contain several pathways that mediate contact-dependent interbacterial antagonism
1
–
3
. Many members of the Gram-negative order Bacteroidales encode the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which facilitates the delivery of toxic effector proteins into adjacent cells
4
,
5
. Here we report the occurrence of acquired interbacterial defence (AID) gene clusters in Bacteroidales species that reside within the human gut microbiome. These clusters encode arrays of immunity genes that protect against T6SS-mediated intra- and inter-species bacterial antagonism. Moreover, the clusters reside on mobile elements, and we show that their transfer is sufficient to confer resistance to toxins in vitro and in gnotobiotic mice. Finally, we identify and validate the protective capability of a recombinase-associated AID subtype (rAID-1) that is present broadly in Bacteroidales genomes. These rAID-1 gene clusters have a structure suggestive of active gene acquisition and include predicted immunity factors of toxins derived from diverse organisms. Our data suggest that neutralization of contact-dependent interbacterial antagonism by AID systems helps to shape human gut microbiome ecology.
An interbacterial defence strategy, involving clusters of immunity genes against toxins released by the type VI secretion system of the same or different species, is widespread among Bacteroides species, and transfer of these gene clusters confers resistance to toxins in vitro and in the mammalian gut.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 45/23
/ Analysis
/ Animals
/ Bacteria
/ Defense reaction (Physiology)
/ Ecology
/ Female
/ Gastrointestinal Microbiome - immunology
/ Gastrointestinal Tract - immunology
/ Gastrointestinal Tract - microbiology
/ Genomes
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Immunity
/ Mice
/ Microbial Interactions - genetics
/ Microbial Interactions - immunology
/ Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms)
/ Proteins
/ Science
/ Toxins
/ Type VI Secretion Systems - antagonists & inhibitors
