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Integrated morphological observation, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to investigate the effect of growth years on the quality of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz
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Integrated morphological observation, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to investigate the effect of growth years on the quality of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz
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Journal Article
Integrated morphological observation, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to investigate the effect of growth years on the quality of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz
2025
Overview
Background
Atractylodes macrocephala
Koidz. is a medicinal plant in high clinical demand due to its pharmacological efficacy. However, research on its quality dynamics across different growth years remains limited, primarily focusing on transcriptomics, microbiome analysis, and photosynthetic capacity, with studies only extending to three-year-old plants.
Results
This study examines
A. macrocephala
over a broader growth span (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years), integrating morphological, microstructural, metabolomic, spatial metabolite distribution, and transcriptomic analyses. Morphologically, rhizome weight and length increased with age, and the characteristic “
Hejing
” structure became more pronounced. Microstructural analysis revealed progressively developed xylem. Metabolomic profiling indicated a decline in sucrose content, alongside increased accumulation of bioactive sesquiterpenoids and phenolic acids over time. Transcriptomic analysis showed that genes involved in the biosynthesis of these active compounds—terpenoid backbone (
HMGR
,
DXS
,
idi
,
GPS
, and
GGPS
), phenylpropanoid (
PAL
,
4CL
, and
HCT
), and sucrose metabolism (
SPS
and
SPP
)—were upregulated in older plants. Desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) revealed an expanded distribution of key metabolites with increasing growth years.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that
A. macrocephala
aged 5 and 10 years exhibit superior quality, with a more distinct “
Hejing
” morphology and higher levels of bioactive compounds. The quality stabilises after five years, indicating that older plants may possess enhanced medicinal value.
Publisher
BioMed Central,BioMed Central Ltd,Springer Nature B.V,BMC
Subject
/ Age
/ Atractylodes - anatomy & histology
/ Atractylodes - growth & development
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Botany
/ DESI-MSI
/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
/ Gas flow
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
/ Identification and classification
/ Plants, Medicinal - genetics
/ Plants, Medicinal - growth & development
/ Plants, Medicinal - metabolism
/ Rhizome - growth & development
/ Rhizomes
/ Solvents
/ Sucrose
/ Xylem
