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Giant lungfish genome elucidates the conquest of land by vertebrates
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Journal Article
Giant lungfish genome elucidates the conquest of land by vertebrates
2021
Overview
Lungfishes belong to lobe-fined fish (Sarcopterygii) that, in the Devonian period, ‘conquered’ the land and ultimately gave rise to all land vertebrates, including humans
1
–
3
. Here we determine the chromosome-quality genome of the Australian lungfish (
Neoceratodus forsteri
), which is known to have the largest genome of any animal. The vast size of this genome, which is about 14× larger than that of humans, is attributable mostly to huge intergenic regions and introns with high repeat content (around 90%), the components of which resemble those of tetrapods (comprising mainly long interspersed nuclear elements) more than they do those of ray-finned fish. The lungfish genome continues to expand independently (its transposable elements are still active), through mechanisms different to those of the enormous genomes of salamanders. The 17 fully assembled lungfish macrochromosomes maintain synteny to other vertebrate chromosomes, and all microchromosomes maintain conserved ancient homology with the ancestral vertebrate karyotype. Our phylogenomic analyses confirm previous reports that lungfish occupy a key evolutionary position as the closest living relatives to tetrapods
4
,
5
, underscoring the importance of lungfish for understanding innovations associated with terrestrialization. Lungfish preadaptations to living on land include the gain of limb-like expression in developmental genes such as
hoxc13
and
sall1
in their lobed fins. Increased rates of evolution and the duplication of genes associated with obligate air-breathing, such as lung surfactants and the expansion of odorant receptor gene families (which encode proteins involved in detecting airborne odours), contribute to the tetrapod-like biology of lungfishes. These findings advance our understanding of this major transition during vertebrate evolution.
A chromosome-quality genome of the lungfish
Neoceratodus fosteri
sheds light on the development of obligate air-breathing and the gain of limb-like gene expression in lobed fins, providing insights into the water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 45
/ Adaptation, Physiological - genetics
/ Air
/ Analysis
/ Animal Fins - anatomy & histology
/ Animals
/ Datasets
/ Devonian
/ DNA
/ Extremities - anatomy & histology
/ Female
/ Fins
/ Fish
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
/ Genes
/ Genomes
/ Genomics
/ Homology
/ Humanities and Social Sciences
/ Humans
/ Identification and classification
/ Introns
/ Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements - genetics
/ Lungs
/ Mice
/ Molecular Sequence Annotation
/ Odors
/ Proteins
/ Science
/ Synteny
