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Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506
Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506
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Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506
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Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506
Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506

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Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506
Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506
Journal Article

Madeira, Sugar, and the Conquest of Nature in the \First\ Sixteenth Century: Part I: From \Island of Timber\ to Sugar Revolution, 1420–1506

2009
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Overview
Madeira is a small island with a large place in the origins of the modern world. Lying 560-some kilometers west of north Africa, Madeira was home to the modern world's first cash crop boom, a sugar revolution. In the first of two successive essays in this journal, I explain how the epoch-making acceleration of boom and bust on Madeira, during Braudel's \"first\" sixteenth century (c. 1450-1557), marked a new crystallization of the nature-society relations pivotal to the rise of capitalism. This new crystallization represented an ensemble of new capacities to exploit and extract extra-human nature much faster, and on a much larger scale, than ever before. It was a mode of socio-ecological conquest and commodification that was possible because of early capitalism's \"commodity frontier\" strategy, one premised on global expansion as a constitutive moment in the formation of the modern world-system—as capitalist world-ecology no less than world-economy. From this standpoint, the very conditions of Madeira's rapid ascent were also the conditions of its rapid decline after 1506. These stemmed from the rapid commodity-centered organization, and consequent exhaustion, of the relations governing human and extra-human nature: labor and land.