Journal Article

Economic Recession and Fertility in the Developed World

Philipov, Dimiter, Sobotka, Tomáš, Skirbekk, Vegard

2011

Overview

This article reviews research on the effects of economic recessions on fertility in the developed world. We study how economic downturns, as measured by various indicators, especially by declining GDP levels, falling consumer confidence, and rising unemployment, were found to affect fertility. We also discuss particular mechanisms through which the recession may have influenced fertility behavior, including the effects of economic uncertainty, falling income, changes in the housing market, and rising enrollment in higher education, and also factors that influence fertility indirectly such as declining marriage rates. Most studies find that fertility tends to be pro-cyclical and often rises and declines with the ups and downs of the business cycle. Usually, these aggregate effects are relatively small (typically, a few percentage points) and of short durations; in addition they often influence especially the timing of childbearing and in most cases do not leave an imprint on cohort fertility levels. Therefore, major long-term fertility shifts often continue seemingly uninterrupted during the recession—including the fertility declines before and during the Great Depression of the 1930s and before and during the oil shock crises of the 1970s. Changes in the opportunity costs of childbearing and fertility behavior during economic downturn vary by sex, age, social status, and number of children; childless young adults are usually most affected. Furthermore, various policies and institutions may modify or even reverse the relationship between recessions and fertility. The first evidence pertaining to the recent recession falls in line with these findings. In most countries, the recession has brought a decline in the number of births and fertility rates, often marking a sharp halt to the previous decade of rising fertility rates.

• Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,Wiley Subscription Services,Wiley-Blackwell,The Population Council, Inc
• Subject: 1930-2009 / Adults / Behavior / Birth / Birth Rate - ethnology / Births / Business Cycles / Certainty / Change agents / Childbearing / Childbirth & labor / Childlessness / Children / Cost / Crises / Demographics / Depression (Economics) / Developed countries / Developed Countries - economics / Developed Countries - history / Economic change / Economic conditions / Economic crises / Economic depression / Economic Recession - history / Economic Recession - legislation & jurisprudence / Economic recessions / Economic stabilization / Economic trends / Economic uncertainty / Economics / Education / Employment / Enrollments / Family / Family planning / Female fertility / Fertility / Fertility rates / Fertilität / Great Depression / Gross domestic product / Higher Education / History, 20th Century / History, 21st Century / Housing / Housing Market / income / Industrialized nations / Industrieländer / Konjunktur / Marriage / Nuptiality / Opportunity cost / Opportunity costs / Population Dynamics - history / Population economics / Public Health - economics / Public Health - education / Public Health - history / Public Health - legislation & jurisprudence / Recession / Recessions / Reproduction / Reviews / social class / Social classes / Social status / Uncertainty / Unemployment / Wirtschaftskrise / Young adults